Skip to content
Voykit

Country

UkraineУкраїна

No trip line is published for Ukraine. Read your own government travel advice first; this desk does not plan around it.

More: share, save offline, report a correction

Key facts

Best months
May–Jun, Sep
Currency
Hryvnia (UAH)
Language
Ukrainian (official)
Time zone
UTC+2, UTC+3 in summer
Month by month
Rules in force · 5Non-EU visitors get 90 days in any rolling 180-day window…Reach this subregion only from the EU side — Romania for …
  • Europe ↗Non-EU visitors get 90 days in any rolling 180-day window, counted across all 29 Schengen states together — not per country; the Entry/Exit System now logs each crossing, so an overstay is detected automatically.
  • Europe ↗On the first Schengen entry since EES began, non-EU travellers give four fingerprints and a face photo at the border instead of a passport stamp; there is nothing to apply for or pay in advance.
  • Eastern Europe ↗Reach this subregion only from the EU side — Romania for Moldova — through crossings run by recognised authorities; no route through Ukraine, Belarus or Russia is planned here.
  • Eastern Europe ↗Re-read your government's advice for Moldova (it covers Transnistria) in the week you travel; the situation next door changes fast.
  • Eastern Europe ↗Carry euros in cash for Transnistria and village Moldova; cards stop working at the Dniester.

Entry rules depend on your passport. Full visa guide

Checking your follows…

Ukraine is at war. Russian missiles and drones can reach any part of the country, including Kyiv, Lviv and Odesa; airspace is closed and martial law applies. The UK advises against all travel to most of the country and against all but essential travel to the five far-western regions; the US, Canada and Australia say do not travel. People still cross by train from Poland for work, family and aid, but Voykit does not publish a trip line, itineraries or door-to-door timings here. This page states what is known, what to check and what would reopen it.

About Ukraine

The largest country entirely in Europe, stretching from the Carpathians to the Donbas and the Black Sea. Kyiv was the centre of medieval Kyivan Rus'. Ukrainian lands were divided among Poland-Lithuania, the Habsburgs, the Ottomans and Russia; Ukraine lost millions in the famine of 1932–33 (the Holodomor) and in the Second World War. Independent since 1991, it turned west after the Orange Revolution (2004) and the Maidan protests (2013–14). Russia annexed Crimea and backed war in the Donbas in 2014, then launched a full-scale invasion in February 2022.

Official advice

No trip line is published

No trip line

Ukraine is at war. The UK advises against all travel to most of Ukraine, including Kyiv and the east and south, and against all but essential travel to Zakarpattia, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil, Chernivtsi and Lviv; the US, Canada and Australia advise against all travel (check).

Missile and drone attacks across the whole country, active fighting in the east and south, landmines and unexploded ordnance, attacks on energy infrastructure causing power cuts, curfews under martial law, closed airspace, and no evacuation support are the risks in advice.

GovernmentLevelWhat it saysSource
United States (State Department)Level 4 — Do not travelActive armed conflict; the embassy cannot provide emergency evacuation.Open ↗
United Kingdom (FCDO)Against all travel (most regions); all but essential (five western regions)Updated 15 September 2026: against all travel to Crimea, areas within 50 km (31 mi) of Belarus and all regions except Zakarpattia, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil, Chernivtsi and Lviv (check).Open ↗
CanadaAvoid all travelRussia's ongoing military invasion.Open ↗
Australia (Smartraveller)Do not travelHighest level for the whole country.Open ↗

Levels as stated on each government's page in September 2026 — open the page itself before deciding; wording and level change without notice (check).

Check first

  • Your own government's official travel advice for your passport, before booking anything.
  • The entry and visa authority of the country, and your rail or bus operator's rules for the route.
  • Travel insurance terms: standard policies exclude war zones; specialist war-risk cover exists but is expensive.
  • If you hold Ukrainian citizenship: exit rules for men under martial law.

Voykit reopens this page only when official advisories ease and entry is open to independent travellers, and then only with verified data.

Entry situation

Ukrainian airspace is closed to commercial flights; entry is by land or rail from Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania or Moldova. No tourist route is documented here.

  • Airspace closed to civil aviation since 24 February 2022; people fly to Rzeszów, Kraków or Warsaw (Poland), Chișinău or Suceava and cross by land.
  • Ukrzaliznytsia trains run from Przemyśl and Chełm (Poland) to Kyiv, Lviv and Odesa; buses and cars use crossings such as Medyka–Shehyni, Dorohusk–Yahodyn and Hrebenne–Rava-Ruska. Queues can be many hours.
  • EU, UK, US, Canadian, Australian and many other passports are visa-free for 90 days in 180 (check); others need an e-visa or embassy visa.
  • No land entry via Belarus or Russia; the Moldova–Transnistria sector of the border is closed on the Ukrainian side.
  • Martial law: curfews by region (Kyiv typically 00:00–05:00 — check), checkpoints, and document checks.
  • Ukrainian men aged roughly 23–60 (check current age range) generally cannot leave the country under martial law; dual nationals are treated as Ukrainian.

If you are already there

Protocol, in order
  1. 1Read your government's current advice today and follow it; if it says leave, use rail or road routes west while they run.
  2. 2Install an air-raid alert app (such as 'Air Alert' / Povitryana Tryvoha) and know the nearest shelter or metro station from where you sleep.
  3. 3Follow sirens every time; many deaths are from debris of intercepted missiles and drones.
  4. 4Respect curfew hours and checkpoints; carry your passport at all times.
  5. 5Do not photograph or post about air-defence positions, strikes or military sites — it can expose people to attack and is illegal.
  6. 6Stay away from front-line regions, the Belarus border strip and any area not cleared of mines; do not pick up objects in fields or forests.
  7. 7Keep a power bank, water, torch and cash: strikes on the grid cause blackouts.
  8. 8Register with your embassy's notification service and share plans with someone outside Ukraine.

Insurance & payments

  • Currency is the hryvnia (UAH). Visa and Mastercard work widely, including contactless; ATMs work except during blackouts.
  • Carry some cash in UAH and euros for outages.
  • Travel insurance: standard policies exclude war zones; specialist war-risk insurers exist — read what they cover (medical evacuation is limited).

Consular access

  • Most Western embassies have returned to Kyiv but work under security restrictions and may close during attacks.
  • Governments state they cannot evacuate you; you must be able to leave on your own.
  • Consular access in occupied territories (Crimea, parts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia and Kherson regions) is impossible.

Decide the trip

What the country is like, who it suits and how long to give it

Open Decide the tripClose Decide the trip2 partsUnderstand in one strip · Understand
Understand in one stripCapital · Population · Language · Currency · Government · Time zone · EU status · Emergency
Capital
Kyiv
Population
Around 31–35 million under government control (estimates vary widely — check)
Language
Ukrainian (official); Russian widely understood; English growing among the young
Currency
Hryvnia (UAH)
Government
Semi-presidential republic; President Volodymyr Zelenskyy; elections suspended under martial law
Time zone
UTC+2, UTC+3 in summer
EU status
EU candidate since 2022; accession talks opened 2024
Emergency
112 (also 101 fire, 102 police, 103 ambulance)

Understand

People, belief, history that matters on the ground

The largest country entirely in Europe, stretching from the Carpathians to the Donbas and the Black Sea. Kyiv was the centre of medieval Kyivan Rus'. Ukrainian lands were divided among Poland-Lithuania, the Habsburgs, the Ottomans and Russia; Ukraine lost millions in the famine of 1932–33 (the Holodomor) and in the Second World War. Independent since 1991, it turned west after the Orange Revolution (2004) and the Maidan protests (2013–14). Russia annexed Crimea and backed war in the Donbas in 2014, then launched a full-scale invasion in February 2022.

People
Ukrainian majority; Russian, Crimean Tatar, Hungarian, Romanian, Polish and other minorities; millions displaced abroad and internally.
Belief
Orthodox majority (split between the Orthodox Church of Ukraine and the Moscow-linked church); Greek Catholics in the west.
Occupation
About a fifth of the territory is occupied by Russia (check).
Economy
Grain, steel, IT and defence production; heavy war damage to energy infrastructure.
Heritage
Seven UNESCO sites, including Kyiv's St Sophia Cathedral and Lviv's historic centre; Odesa's centre listed in 2023 as in danger.
History that still shows on the ground · 9 dates
WhenWhat happenedWhere you meet it today
988Christianisation of Kyivan Rus'St Sophia and the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra.
1240Mongol sack of KyivPower shifts to Galicia-Volhynia and later Lithuania.
16th–18th c.Cossack HetmanateZaporizhzhian Cossacks shape national identity.
1932–1933Holodomor famineMillions die under Stalin's grain policy.
1941–1944Nazi occupationBabyn Yar massacre in Kyiv.
1986Chernobyl disasterExclusion zone north of Kyiv.
1991Independence24 August is Independence Day.
2014Maidan; annexation of Crimea; war in the DonbasThe war begins.
2022–Full-scale Russian invasionKyiv held; occupied areas in the east and south; attacks across the country.

Read or watch before you go

  • Serhii Plokhy — The Gates of Europe.
  • Andrey Kurkov — Grey Bees and Diary of an Invasion.
  • Victoria Amelina — Looking at Women Looking at War.

Cities

Regions, cities and the places between them

Open CitiesClose Cities1 partCapital and major cities

Capital and major cities

Basic guides
Alchevskmajor city

Spend a half‑day in Alchevsk to see Lenin Prospect and the historic museums; skip longer stays unless you have industrial‑tour interests.

Bakhmutmajor city

Skip visiting Bakhmut in 2026: extensive war damage and safety risks; only pass through if required for transport.

Berdyanskmajor city

Spend 1–2 days in Berdyansk: a day for the beach and spa, a second for museums and nearby forts if you have extra time.

Berehovemajor city

Spend a half‑day seeing the Reformed church, town centre and historic buildings; stay only if you want a night before heading to Mukachevo or Uzhhorod.

Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyimajor city

Half a day for the fortress, then back to Odesa. Not a base: one night only if you want a slow dinner by the estuary.

Bushamajor city

Skip Busha unless you have a car and a specific interest in Trypillian archaeology or 17th-century Cossack history: a half-day stop, not a destination.

Cherkasymajor city

Give Cherkasy one full day for the Hill of Glory, the museums and the Dnipro embankment; add a second only for Kaniv or Chyhyryn.

Chernihivmajor city

Spend one day in Chernihiv for the historic churches and museums; stay overnight only if you want a relaxed pace.

Chernivtsimajor city

Give Chernivtsi 1–2 nights: the compact old town and the UNESCO university are a half-day, and it works as a stop between Lviv and Kamianets-Podilskyi.

Chernobylmajor city

Skip for now: guided visits to the Exclusion Zone are suspended and no trip line is published for Ukraine. Read your government's travel advice first.

Dnipromajor city

Skip Dnipro unless you have a reason to be there: no flights, no published trip line for Ukraine, and your own government's travel advice decides first.

Donetskmajor city

Skip Donetsk: no trip line is published for Ukraine. Read your own government's travel advice first — this desk does not plan around it.

Henicheskmajor city

One night for beach and museum, or a half‑day stop if just passing through.

Ivano-Frankivskmajor city

Give it one full day for the old centre, then use it as the gateway to the Carpathians: 2 nights, or 1 if you are only passing to Yaremche.

Izmailmajor city

Spend one day in Izmail to see the fortress site, Suvorov Museum and the Intercession Cathedral; arrive early and leave by evening.

Kamianets-Podilskyimajor city

Spend one full day exploring the fortress and nearby historic sites; add a night if you prefer a relaxed pace.

Khersonmajor city

Spend 1–2 days in Kherson to see the river delta, St. Catherine's Cathedral and the Stanislav cliffs; longer stays not needed for a half‑day visit.

Khmelnytskyimajor city

Spend a half‑day to a full day exploring the historic centre on foot; stay one night if you need a base for nearby castles.

Khustmajor city

Spend a half‑day in Khust: explore the ruined castle hill and Elizabeth's Church, then walk the town centre; add a night if you want a relaxed pace.

Kolomyiamajor city

Half a day for the Pysanka Museum and a walk through the centre; one night if you use it as a base for the Carpathians.

Krasnodonmajor city

Skip Krasnodon for tourism: it is a coal-mining town with no tourist infrastructure and is located in territory not under Ukrainian government control. The only reason to go is family or specific historical research.

Kropyvnytskyimajor city

Go for one night as a Central Ukraine rail or road stop, not as a destination: the fortress earthworks and the old centre fill a half-day.

Kryvyi Rihmajor city

Spend 1–2 days in Kryvyi Rih to see its parks, botanical garden and sample local food; longer only for day‑trips.

Kyivmajor city

Skip unless essential; if you go, treat air-raid alerts and curfew as fixed constraints.

Liubomlmajor city

Liuboml is a half-day stop for history and architecture, not a base. One night if you want to see both churches and the synagogue site.

Lubnymajor city

Half a day is enough for Lubny's sights: the monastery, the museum and a walk through the old town. Use it as a stop between Kyiv and Poltava, not a base.

Luhanskmajor city

Skip Luhansk: no published trip line exists for Ukraine, and this city sits inside an active war zone. Read your own government's travel advice first.

Lutskmajor city

Give Lutsk one full day for Lubart's Castle and the old town, two if you use it as a Volyn base. Skip it only if you are already short on time in Lviv.

Lvivmajor city

Give Lviv 2–3 nights on foot in the Old Town; go May–Sep or late Dec for the market, and read your government's Ukraine advice before booking.

Makiivkamajor city

Skip Makiivka for now: active conflict zone near the front line. No tourism infrastructure is operational. Check your government travel advisory before any planning.

Mariupolmajor city

Skip. Mariupol is under Russian occupation and was heavily destroyed in 2022; there is no tourist trip to plan here in 2026.

Melitopolmajor city

Spend a half‑day to one day in Melitopol as a coastal base; see the historic centre, local museum and Stone Grave.

Mukachevomajor city

Spend a half‑day in Mukachevo to see Palanok Castle and the city centre; add a night if you want a relaxed dinner and easy next‑day travel.

Mykolaivmajor city

Spend a half‑day to see the main sights; add a night if you want to explore the waterfront and local eateries.

Myrhorodmajor city

Half a day to one night is enough: see the 19th-century churches, the museum and the Davyd Guramishvili museum, then move on to Poltava or Kyiv.

Ochakivmajor city

Ochakiv is a quiet Black Sea beach town worth a day or two if you want cheap sun and seafood, but skip it if you need nightlife or sights.

Odesamajor city

Plan 2 nights for the old town grid and one beach afternoon; check your government's travel advice before booking anything.

Pavlohradmajor city

Spend a half‑day in Pavlohrad to see the main cathedral and museum; add a night only if you need a base for nearby Dnipro trips.

Perechynmajor city

Spend a half‑day (≈4 h) in Perechyn to see the Cultural Museum, browse the bazaar and have a quick meal; no overnight stay needed.

Poltavamajor city

Give Poltava one full day for the battle field and the round Korpusny garden, then move on: it is a stop on the Kyiv–Kharkiv line, not a base.

Rakhivmajor city

Spend 1–2 days in Rakhiv for hiking and Hutsul culture; a day works if you catch an early bus to Hoverla, two days if you want a summit night.

Rivnemajor city

Give Rivne one full day for the centre and the Tunnel of Love, or use it as a rail stop between Lviv and Kyiv; two nights is enough.

Stinamajor city

Skip unless you have a car and a full day for a quiet village walk, sandstone caves, and embroidery museums. Not worth a dedicated trip from Vinnytsia.

Sumymajor city

Spend 1–2 days in Sumy to see the historic centre, museums and parks; use buses or taxis to move quickly.

Teplodarmajor city

Skip Teplodar unless you have a specific reason; a few hours to see the motocross track, then continue to Odesa.

Terebovliamajor city

Spend a half‑day exploring Terebovlia’s historic centre; add a morning bus to Ternopil if you have extra time.

Ternopilmajor city

Spend a half‑day to a full day in Ternopil: walk the historic centre, visit a church or museum, then catch a train onward.

Truskavetsmajor city

A 2–3 day stop for spa and mineral-water therapy, not a sightseeing base. Half a day is enough to walk the resort park and try the pump room.

Umanmajor city

Give Uman one full day: Sofiyivka Park needs 3–4 hours, the centre 2. Sleep one night if you arrive by bus from Kyiv.

Uzhhorodmajor city

Allow one full day for the castle, open-air museum and old centre; stay two nights if using Uzhhorod as a base for Zakarpattia.

Vinnytsiamajor city

Give Vinnytsia one full day plus a night: the centre is walkable, the tram museum and Pirogov estate need booked slots, and there is no civil airport.

Vylkovemajor city

Half a day to one day: canoe the Danube delta channels, then leave. Not a base.

Yaremchemajor city

Spend a half‑day to one full day in Yaremche; arrive early, see the main sights, then head back or continue to Ivano‑Frankivsk.

Zaporizhzhiamajor city

Check your own government's travel advice for Ukraine first; if it allows the trip, plan 1–2 days for Khortytsia Island, the Dniproges Dam and the Technics Museum.

Zhovkvamajor city

Half a day from Lviv: see the Renaissance square and castle, then return. Not worth an overnight unless you have a car and want a quiet base.

Zhytomyrmajor city

Give Zhytomyr one full day from Kyiv (2 h by car, about 2 h 30 min by bus) or one night: the centre is walkable in half a day and the rest is museums.

Cost

What a day costs, and how to pay

Open CostClose Cost2 partsMoney at a glance · Money & passes

Money at a glance

Cash or card, ATMs, a day's spend, tipping

Currency and cash

Hryvnia (UAH)

Card-friendly; small cash for markets

Cash or card

Cards work widely; carry cash for blackouts: see Insurance & payments above.

Also

Bank rules under martial law change; confirm with your bank.

Money & passesCard, cash or ATM: the cheapest way to payTipping calculator

Money & passes

Cash necessity: 2/5 (5 means cash for most things)

  • Cards work widely; carry cash for blackouts: see Insurance & payments above.
  • Bank rules under martial law change; confirm with your bank.

Before you fly: eSIM before you fly · Visas and entry

Practical

Money rules, safety, holidays, health, phones and phrases

Open PracticalClose Practical3 partsSafety & health · Safety · Safety by region

Safety and health at a glance

Advice, risky areas, water, shots, numbers, scams

Government travel advice

  • United States (State Department): Level 4 — Do not travelOpen ↗
  • United Kingdom (FCDO): Against all travel (most regions); all but essential (five western regions)Open ↗
  • Canada: Avoid all travelOpen ↗
  • Australia (Smartraveller): Do not travelOpen ↗

Levels as stated on each government's page in September 2026 — open the page itself before deciding; wording and level change without notice (check).

Where to take care

  • high East and south (Kharkiv, Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia, Kherson, Dnipro, Sumy, Mykolaiv) · Front lines, shelling, glide bombs and drones; occupied areas; mines.
  • high Kyiv and centre · Regular mass missile and drone attacks; curfews; power cuts.
  • high Odesa and the coast · Missile and drone strikes on the port and city.
  • high North, within 50 km of Belarus · Border strip, military activity, mined areas.

SafetyStay healthyEmergency cardScam spotterHealth check

Safety

  • Risk: Missile and drone attacks across the whole country, active fighting in the east and south, landmines, curfews and closed airspace are the risks in advice.
  • Register with your own government's travel notification service where one exists.
  • Emergency: 112 works, but response can be delayed during attacks; know your nearest shelter.

Not published. See the Eastern Europe page for Moldova, the published trip line in this subregion.

What four governments say

Comparison not available yet for this country

Read each government's own advice: US State Dept, UK FCDO, Australia Smartraveller, Canada Travel Advice.

Strikes and disruptions

Official notices for the next 90 days. Open the full calendar.

No official-source strike or disruption notices for the next 90 days

That is not a promise that nothing is planned. This calendar lists only what a government or a public authority has published. Check US State Dept, UK FCDO, Australia Smartraveller, Canada Travel Advice and the transport operator for your dates.

Safety by region

Risk to a careful visitor, not a crime index

Every government checked advises against travel to at least most of Ukraine. Attacks can reach any region.

RegionRiskWhat to watch
East and south (Kharkiv, Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia, Kherson, Dnipro, Sumy, Mykolaiv)highFront lines, shelling, glide bombs and drones; occupied areas; mines.
Kyiv and centrehighRegular mass missile and drone attacks; curfews; power cuts.
Odesa and the coasthighMissile and drone strikes on the port and city.
North, within 50 km of BelarushighBorder strip, military activity, mined areas.
Far west (Lviv, Zakarpattia, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil, Chernivtsi)highFewer attacks but not safe: strikes have hit Lviv; UK advice is all but essential travel.
CrimeahighOccupied by Russia; entry via Russia is illegal under Ukrainian law.

Culture and food

Rules, manners, what to eat, where to sleep and what to buy

Open Culture and foodClose Culture and food1 partRules

Country rules

Inherited by every page below
  • Check your own government travel advice for Ukraine before any booking; advice depends on your passport and changes without notice.
  • Airspace is closed; entry is by rail or road from Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania or Moldova, with long queues at busy crossings.
  • Confirm that your travel insurance and medical evacuation cover apply to Ukraine before you rely on it.
Why no trip line is published
Ukraine is at war; missile and drone attacks can reach any part of the country, and airspace is closed.
What to check
Your own government's travel advice, the crossing and train on the day, and your insurer.
What would reopen it
Advisories easing, entry open to independent travellers, and verified data.

Deep dive

Questions, where next, photos, reading and every source

Open Deep diveClose Deep dive2 partsDeep dive · Sources

Deep dive

4 min read · 4 chapters

This deep dive is background reading, not a travel plan: Voykit publishes no trip line for Ukraine while the country is at war. It traces Ukraine from Kyivan Rus' and the Cossacks through empires, famine and the Second World War to independence, the revolutions of 2004 and 2014, and the full-scale Russian invasion of 2022 — and explains the regional differences that visitors used to meet between Lviv, Kyiv and Odesa.

1From Kyivan Rus' to the Cossacks1 min

Kyiv was the centre of Kyivan Rus', a federation of East Slavic principalities ruled by the Rurikid dynasty. Grand Prince Volodymyr accepted Byzantine Christianity in 988, and his son Yaroslav the Wise built St Sophia's Cathedral. Ukraine, Belarus and Russia all claim this heritage, a dispute that is anything but academic today.

The Mongols sacked Kyiv in 1240. Over the next centuries most Ukrainian lands passed to Lithuania and then Poland, while the Crimean Khanate, an Ottoman vassal, held the south. On the open steppe the Zaporizhzhian Cossacks — free warrior communities on the Dnipro — became a military power. Their 1648 uprising under Bohdan Khmelnytsky created a Cossack state, which in 1654 sought protection from Muscovy.

Russia gradually absorbed the Hetmanate and, after defeating the Ottomans, conquered the south and Crimea in the late 18th century, founding Odesa in 1794. The west (Galicia, with Lviv) went to the Habsburgs in the partitions of Poland, which is why Lviv's architecture and church traditions differ from Kyiv's.

Christianisation
988
St Sophia Cathedral
11th century (UNESCO)
Khmelnytsky uprising
1648
Odesa founded
1794
See itKyiv: St Sophia Cathedral and Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (UNESCO)L'viv – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre (UNESCO)Khortytsia island, Zaporizhzhia (Cossack heritage)
2Empires, famine and war1 min

In the Russian Empire, Ukrainian was restricted by decrees in 1863 and 1876, while the Habsburg west allowed Ukrainian schools and a Greek Catholic church to thrive. Taras Shevchenko, a former serf, became the national poet. After 1917 a Ukrainian People's Republic fought for independence but lost to the Bolsheviks and Poland.

In the Soviet Union, a brief promotion of Ukrainian culture in the 1920s gave way to Stalin's collectivisation. The famine of 1932–33, known as the Holodomor, killed millions of Ukrainians as grain was seized and villages sealed; Ukraine and many states recognise it as genocide. Purges destroyed much of the intelligentsia.

The Second World War devastated Ukraine: millions died, the Holocaust by bullets killed most of its Jews (33,771 at Babyn Yar in Kyiv in two days of September 1941), and nationalist partisans fought both Germans and Soviets. Stalin deported the entire Crimean Tatar people in 1944. In 1954 Crimea was transferred from the Russian to the Ukrainian SSR.

Holodomor
1932–33; estimates of Ukrainian deaths about 3.5–5 million
Babyn Yar
29–30 September 1941
Crimean Tatar deportation
May 1944
Chernobyl
26 April 1986
See itNational Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide, KyivBabyn Yar memorial, Kyiv
3Independence and two revolutions1 min

On 24 August 1991 Ukraine declared independence, confirmed in December by over 90% of voters. It gave up the Soviet nuclear weapons on its soil under the 1994 Budapest Memorandum, in exchange for security assurances from Russia, the US and the UK.

Politics swung between Western- and Russian-leaning leaders. The Orange Revolution of 2004 overturned a rigged election. In late 2013 President Yanukovych dropped an EU association agreement; months of protest on Kyiv's Maidan ended in February 2014 with more than a hundred protesters killed and Yanukovych fleeing to Russia.

Russia then seized and annexed Crimea and backed armed separatists in Donetsk and Luhansk. The war in the Donbas killed about 14,000 people by 2021, including the 298 aboard flight MH17 shot down in July 2014. Ukraine signed the EU association agreement and gained visa-free Schengen travel in 2017.

Independence referendum
1 December 1991, 92% yes
Budapest Memorandum
5 December 1994
Maidan killings
18–20 February 2014
Crimea annexed
March 2014 (not recognised internationally)
See itMaidan Nezalezhnosti and the Heavenly Hundred memorial, Kyiv
4The full-scale war since 20221 min

On 24 February 2022 Russia invaded from the north, east and south. The assault on Kyiv failed within weeks, and the retreat revealed atrocities in Bucha and other towns. Ukraine retook Kharkiv region and Kherson city in autumn 2022; since then the front has moved slowly, with Russia occupying about a fifth of the country, including most of Donetsk and Luhansk and parts of Zaporizhzhia and Kherson.

Missile and drone attacks on cities and the power grid have become constant, leaving blackouts every winter. Millions of Ukrainians fled abroad and millions more were displaced inside the country; Odesa's historic centre was listed by UNESCO as endangered in 2023. Martial law suspended elections, and men of fighting age generally cannot leave.

Ukraine became an EU candidate in June 2022 and opened accession talks in 2024. Rebuilding has begun in liberated areas, and daily life continues in Kyiv, Lviv and elsewhere between air-raid alerts — which is exactly why this page is background only until the advice changes.

Full-scale invasion
24 February 2022
Refugees abroad
About 6 million (UNHCR, check)
EU candidate
June 2022
See itPrzemyśl station, Poland — the rail gateway used by many Ukrainians
Read, watch, wordsReading · Watching · Glossary · Sources

Reading

  • The Gates of Europe — Serhii PlokhyReadable history of Ukraine from antiquity to the present.
  • Bloodlands — Timothy SnyderStalin's and Hitler's killing fields, with Ukraine at the centre.
  • Grey Bees — Andrey KurkovA beekeeper in the Donbas grey zone; humane and funny.
  • Looking at Women Looking at War — Victoria AmelinaUnfinished war diary of a writer killed in 2023.

Watching

  • 20 Days in Mariupol — Mstyslav Chernov, 2023Oscar-winning documentary from the besieged city.
  • Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors — Sergei Parajanov, 1965Hutsul Carpathian folklore in a landmark of world cinema.
  • Winter on Fire — Evgeny Afineevsky, 2015The Maidan protests day by day.

Glossary

TermLocalMeaning
HetmanгетьманCossack leader.
HolodomorГолодоморThe 1932–33 famine.
MaidanМайданSquare; the 2013–14 revolution.
VyshyvankaвишиванкаEmbroidered shirt, a national symbol.
Povitryana tryvohaповітряна тривогаAir-raid alert.

Sources

Ask about Ukraine

Loading…

Was this useful?